Le blog de l'entreprise Recycle TI Power Protection Switch & Controller:eFuse,Hot-Swap Controller,Power Muxe

Recycle TI Power Protection Switch & Controller:eFuse,Hot-Swap Controller,Power Muxe

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In AI computing servers, industrial automation, humanoid robots, automotive ADAS, and communications and redundant power supply systems, the reliable management of power paths is the cornerstone of stable system operation. Texas Instruments’ (TI) power protection switch and controller product line, comprising three core categories—electronic fuses (eFuses), hot-swap controllers and power multiplexers (Power MUXes)—provides a comprehensive power protection solution ranging from fault isolation and surge suppression to seamless multi-source switching. This replaces traditional fuse and discrete MOSFET solutions, delivering programmable, monitorable and recoverable solid-state power protection capabilities.

I. Electronic Fuses (eFuses)

TI’s electronic fuses are single-chip solid-state protection devices that integrate an on-state FET, current sensing and protection logic. Unlike traditional fuses that blow once, they are intelligent circuit protection units characterised by rapid fault isolation, configurable thresholds and recoverable operation. They are suitable for applications such as power supply to humanoid robot joints, SSD boards, USB ports, industrial I/O and auxiliary power for servers.

The devices feature built-in overcurrent limiting, short-circuit protection, overvoltage protection (OVP), undervoltage lockout (UVLO), thermal shutdown and soft-start surge control. Several models integrate reverse current blocking and reverse polarity protection to prevent energy from downstream capacitors from flowing back into the fault side; Current-limiting thresholds and output slew rate can be configured via external resistors and capacitors; fault modes support both latch and auto-retry modes, whilst the devices are equipped with Power Good, current monitoring and fault reporting pins, facilitating real-time power supply status monitoring by the host controller.

The product range covers a wide voltage range, from the 2.7V low-voltage, low-current TPS25947, the TPS25944 series, to the TPS25990 and TPS25985, which support high-current stackable architectures. High-power models support current sharing through parallel connection of multiple chips, whilst certain high-end models feature a PMBus digital interface to enable telemetry, online parameter configuration and fault diagnosis, specifically designed for power branch protection in high-density AI computing servers. With on-resistance as low as the milliohm range and minimal conduction losses, these devices balance protection performance with power supply efficiency. A wide range of package options is available, from ultra-compact chips suitable for portable devices to high-power packages that meet the demands of high-current branch protection.

II. Hot-Swap Controller

TI’s hot-swap controllers utilise an external MOSFET-driven solution and do not integrate power FETs themselves; the IC handles detection, loop control and protection logic, with an external N-channel MOSFET serving as the main power path. The advantage lies in flexible and scalable power ratings, catering to live hot-swap scenarios for high-power boards; typical applications include server PCIe cards, industrial backplanes, telecommunications power modules, rack-mounted modules, and in-orbit replaceable units for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites.

Its core value lies in managing the surge impacts during hot-swapping; it gradually raises the output voltage during the power-up phase and charges the high-capacity downstream capacitors smoothly, thereby preventing the backplane bus voltage from collapsing at the moment of insertion or removal and triggering an upstream power supply trip. It features configurable surge timing and overcurrent masking/silencing windows to distinguish between transient load impacts and genuine short-circuit faults, thus avoiding false protection; It is equipped with UVLO, OVP, overcurrent protection, thermal protection and fault alarm functions; some models, such as the TPS2320 series, support dual-channel independent control.

Compared to integrated eFuses, hot-swap controllers are better suited to high-power pathways ranging from tens to hundreds of amperes. Engineers can independently select MOSFETs to match voltage rating, current and thermal requirements, offering greater architectural flexibility, making them the preferred solution for high-power backplanes and high-reliability rack systems; Integrated eFuses, on the other hand, are better suited to low-to-medium-power branch protection where rapid design and a streamlined BOM are prioritised; the two form a complementary combination.

III. Power Multiplexers (Power MUX)

TI’s power multiplexers focus on the automatic switching between multiple power sources, selecting one of two or more input power sources to supply the downstream load. Common input combinations include adapters, batteries, backup power supplies, USB power and wireless charging, making them suitable for laptops, portable industrial control systems, uninterruptible power supply units, backup power switching for humanoid robots and industrial redundant power systems.

The devices integrate bidirectional power switches, control logic and protection circuits, supporting two operating modes: automatic priority power source selection and voltage-comparison-based switching, as well as switching controlled via a master control pin. Featuring a reverse-current protection design, they prevent crosstalk between the two power sources during switching. Certain models support seamless switching, ensuring the load remains powered and the system does not reset, thereby resolving system crashes caused by voltage drops during redundant power supply switching.

In addition to the core switching functionality, overcurrent, short-circuit and thermal shutdown protection are integrated, combining power path selection and protection into a single unit and eliminating the need for complex external circuitry comprising discrete ideal diodes and load switches. The Power MUX focuses on ‘source selection’ and is clearly distinct from eFuses and hot-swap controllers: whilst eFuses and hot-swap controllers are primarily responsible for fault protection and inrush current control on individual power paths, the core task of the Power MUX is the smooth switching between multiple power sources. Following switching, the individual branches are typically paired with eFuses for secondary protection, thereby constituting a complete redundant power supply architecture.